cáo 槽

Note

Literally meaning "trough" or "troughs", cao is an architectural term seen in the Yingzao fashi (1103), the Gongcheng zuofa (1734), and other texts that involve architectural descriptions, including the Sitaji (843-853) and the Tang Huiyao (961). It is generally agreed that in the Gongcheng zuofa the term refers to trough-shaped pits dug for narrow sections or strips of pounded-earth foundation. Interpretations of the term and its relevant plates in the Yingzao fashi are under debate. Scholars have suggested that it can refer to (1) the space enclosed by pillars, forehead rails (lan’e 闌額) and corbelling (puzuo 鋪作) (Chen Mingda 1981; cf. Liang Sicheng 1944); (2) the axis between the pillar row and corbelling (puzuo) (He Jianzhong 2003; cf. Liang Sicheng 1983); (3) an elongated structural unit within the corbelling (puzuo) (Zhu Yongchun 2016); and (4) pillar rows and wall planes in general (Ren Sijie 2016).5

作爲傳統營造術語，主要見於《營造法式》(1103) 和工部《工程做法》(1734)，也見於其他談及建築的傳統文獻，如《寺塔記》、《唐會要》等。《工部工程做法》的“槽”含義相對明確，指夯築條形基礎的基槽。而《營造法式》所謂“槽”的具體含義存在爭議：一說是由柱、額、鋪作劃分的各種空間（陳明達 1981；參考梁思成 1944）；一說是柱列與其上的鋪作或鋪作之中心線（何建中 2003；參考梁思成 1983）；一説指代鋪作層構成的長條狀圖形（朱永春 2016）；另有觀點認爲其得名與基槽有關，後汎指柱列或墻體及其所在位置（任思捷 2016）。5

Related concepts

dìpán 地盤

Broad Match: building frame

Broad Match: foundations