chāgǒng 插栱

https://architecturasinica.org/keyword/k000215

Terms

  • chagong (Pinyin without tones)1
  • 插栱 (Traditional Chinese)
  • 插栱 (Simplified Chinese)
  • chāgǒng (Pinyin)1
  • ch'a-kung (Wade-Giles)
  • inserted bracket-arm (English)2
  • inserted bracket-arms (English)3

Note

    Chagong 插栱, which cannot be found in traditional Chinese literature, is a term translated by Liang Sicheng from the Japanese sashihijiki 挿肘木. Sashihijiki refers to the bracket arms of the outer eaves of the South Gate of Todaiji Temple in Nara, Japan, which are directly inserted into the pillar shaft (Tanabe and Liang (trans.), 1932). 4

    In modern Chinese scholarship chagong 插栱 generally refers to bracket-arms of many layers that are directly inserted into pillars. However, some scholars believe that the term chagong should only refer to such components when they are located in the outer eaves pillars of chuandou 穿斗 style structures in southern China. This is because both the positioning and multiple layers of the bracket-arms in chuandou style structures in southern China closely resemble the sashihijiki in “Indian Style” (tenjikuyou 天竺様; or “Great Buddha Style,” daibutsuyou 大仏様) architecture in Japan (Liu 1957, 85; Fu 1981; Zhu, 1983). The chagong in southern Chinese buildings are considered by most scholars to be the source of sashihijiki, and may also be the source of chagong in Jusimpo 柱心包-style structures in Korea (Zhang 1982, 1998, 2002; Ota, 2016; Fu, 1981; Choi, 2002, 2003; Nakanishi, 2021). In addition, some scholars use the term chagong to refer to the cantilevered components that are inserted into pillars and walls or which bear the brackets in outer eaves, such as those in ceramic building models from the Han dynasty (see Figure). 5

    The formal similarities between chagong and dingtougong 丁頭栱 have given rise to discussions on the possible relationship between them. Scholars have various perspectives, which include the following: (1) chagong is a kind of dingtougong (Zhu, 1983; Zhang, 2002; Xie, 2010); (2) dingtougong is a kind of chagong (Li, 1996; Bi, 2015); and (3) they are not equivalent components (Fan and Zhu, 2013; Lin, 2018). 6

    “插栱”一詞不見於中國古代文獻,由梁思成從日文“挿肘木”(さしひじき)翻譯而來,指日本奈良東大寺南大門的外簷斗栱。(田邊,梁(譯) 1932)挿肘木是日本大佛樣建築的顯著特徵。4

    中文研究中“插栱”一詞被用來泛指後尾插入柱身、層疊出挑的。但根據其與日文“挿肘木”一詞的聯係,有學者認為“插栱”應特指中國南方尤其穿斗構架外簷中的此類構件。首先,中國南方木構(尤其穿斗構架)外簷常見的層疊入柱的挑簷之栱,在出跳數、使用位置上更貼近日本挿肘木。(刘致平 1957,85;傅 1981;朱,1983)其次,中國南方建築的“插栱”做法也被多數學者認為是日本大佛樣挿肘木之祖型,並也可能是朝韓地區柱心包樣式建築中的插栱的來源(张 1982, 1998, 2002;太田 2016;傅 1981;Choi 2002,2003;Nakanishi 2021)。 5

    此外,也有學者借用“插栱”之名稱呼漢代陶楼等早期材料中插入墻身或柱身、承托外檐斗栱的悬挑构件。

    “插拱”因與“丁頭栱”形態相近,引發學者對二者關係的討論,有插栱是丁頭栱的一種(朱 1983;張 2002;謝 2010),丁頭栱是插栱的一種(李 1996;畢 2015),以及二者並非同類構件等各種觀點(范和朱 2013;林 2018)。6

Works Cited

Any information without attribution has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines.

  • 1 漢語大詞典編纂処. 2011. 漢語大詞典, accessed May 28, 2022.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record
  • 2 FU. 2017. Traditional Chinese Architecture: Twelve Essays, 353.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record
  • 3 STEINHARDT. 2019. Chinese architecture: a history, 49.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record
  • 4 田邊. 1932. 大唐五山諸堂圖考, 71-89.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record
  • 5 刘. 1957. 中国建筑类型及结构, 85.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 傅. 1981. 福建的几座宋代建筑及其与日本鎌仓“大佛样”建筑的关系, 68-77.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 朱. 1983. 探索江南明代大木作法的演进, 107-109.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 張. 1982. 甘露庵, 118-143.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 张. 1998. 从样式比较看福建地方建筑与朝鲜柱心包建筑的源流关系, 121-129.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 张. 2002. 中国江南禅宗寺院建筑Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 太田. 2016. 日本建筑史序说Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 崔. 2002. 韓国, 中国, 日本の挿肘木に関する研究 (その1): 挿肘木の形態について, 321-326.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 崔. 2003. 韓国,中国,日本の挿肘木に関する研究(その2): 挿肘木の機能について, 343-347.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; NAKANISHI. 2021. “SASHIHIJIKI” OF THE JUSIMPO STYLE ARCHITECTURE IN THE GORYEO ERA, 277-283.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record
  • 6 朱. 1983. 探索江南明代大木作法的演进, 107-109.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 张. 2002. 中国江南禅宗寺院建筑Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 谢. 2010. 东亚视野之福建宋元建筑研究Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 李. 1996. 插拱研究, 10-14.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 毕. 2015. 粤北插栱型制及渊源研究, 66-70.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 范. 2013. 穿斗式大木结构建筑中的斗栱--以南方传统建筑为中心, 127-130.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record; 林. 2018. 《营造法式》中的丁头栱及其相关概念辨析——兼论日韩建筑中所见的插栱和丁头栱, 88-102.Link to Zotero Bibliographic Record

Broad Match: bracketing

How to Cite This Entry

ZHUGE Jing 諸葛净 et al., “ 插栱 chāgǒng” in Architectura Sinica last modified May 31, 2023, https://architecturasinica.org/keyword/k000215.

Bibliography:

ZHUGE Jing 諸葛净 et al., “ 插栱 chāgǒng.” In Architectura Sinica, edited by Tracy Miller. Entry published May 28, 2022. https://architecturasinica.org/keyword/k000215.

About this Entry

Entry Title: 插栱 chāgǒng

Authorial and Editorial Responsibility:

  • Tracy Miller, editor, Architectura Sinica
  • ZHUGE Jing 諸葛净, associate editor, Architectural Terminology
  • ZHUGE Jing 諸葛净 and RUAN Jing 阮景, entry contributors, “ 插栱 chāgǒng

Additional Credit:

  • Website coordination by Yuh-Fen Benda
  • Preliminary research CMW M22
  • Peer review by ATTCAT 2022
  • English proofreading by Aurelia Campbell Tracy Miller
  • Chinese proofreading by ZHUGE Jing 諸葛净 ZUO Lala 左拉拉
  • Initial research and revision by RUAN Jing 阮景
  • Data entry by LI Zhixian 李知賢
  • Entry of revised data and links by LI Zhixian 李知賢

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